Gwero: Uwete Wanyama Wachilendo, Nkhumba ndi Nkhuku, No.01,2019

Chidziwitso: Pepala ili likuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwamaantibayotiki pakupanga nkhuku, ndi chikoka pa kagwiridwe ka nkhuku, chitetezo cha mthupi, zomera za m'mimba, khalidwe la nkhuku, zotsalira za mankhwala ndi kukana kwa mankhwala, ndikuwunika momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi chitukuko chamtsogolo cha maantibayotiki m'makampani a nkhuku.

Mawu ofunika: maantibayotiki; nkhuku; ntchito yopanga; chitetezo cha mthupi; zotsalira za mankhwala; kukana mankhwala

Gulu la Zithunzi Zapakati Nambala: S831 Document logo code: C Article Na.: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Mankhwala opha tizilombo kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kulepheretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamagulu ena.Moore et al adanena kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti kuwonjezera kwa maantibayotiki m'zakudya kunathandiza kwambiri kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku [1] mu broilers. m’zaka za m’ma 1990, kafukufuku wa mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’makampani a nkhuku anayamba ku China. Tsopano, maantibayotiki oposa 20 agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa kupanga nkhuku ndi kupewa ndi kulamulira matenda.

1; Zotsatira za maantibayotiki pakupanga nkhuku

Yellow, dynamycin, bacidin zinc, amamycin, ndi zina zotero, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa kukula, njirayo ndi: kuletsa kapena kupha mabakiteriya a m'matumbo a nkhuku, kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya owopsa a m'mimba, kuchepetsa zochitika; kupanga nyama m`mimba khoma woonda, kumapangitsanso matumbo mucosa permeability, imathandizira mayamwidwe zakudya; kuletsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba, kuchepetsa kudya kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mphamvu, ndikuwonjezera kupezeka kwa zakudya mu nkhuku; amaletsa mabakiteriya owopsa a m'matumbo amatulutsa metabolites owopsa [2] .Anshengying et al anawonjezera maantibayotiki kudyetsa anapiye a dzira, omwe adawonjezera kulemera kwa thupi lawo ndi 6.24% kumapeto kwa nthawi yoyeserera, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutsekula m'mimba ndi [3] .Wan Jianmei et al anawonjezera Mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa Virginamycin ndi enricamycin muzakudya zoyambirira za nkhuku zamtundu wa AA zamasiku 1, zomwe zimachulukitsa kwambiri avareji. kunenepa kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ana a broilers amasiku 11 mpaka 20 komanso chakudya chapakati pa masiku 22 mpaka 41; kuwonjezera flavamycin (5 mg / kg) kwambiri kunachulukitsa kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa 22 mpaka masiku 41 a broilers akale.Ni Jiang et al. anawonjezera 4 mg/kg lincomycin ndi 50 mg/kg nthaka; ndi 20 mg / kg colistin kwa 26 d, zomwe zinawonjezera kwambiri kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku [5] .Wang Manhong et al. anawonjezera enlamycin, bacracin zinki ndi naceptide kwa 42, d motsatana mu chakudya cha nkhuku cha AA cha tsiku limodzi, chomwe chinali ndi zotsatira zolimbikitsa kukula, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kudya kumawonjezeka, ndipo chiŵerengero cha nyama chinachepa ndi [6].

2; Zotsatira za maantibayotiki pachitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi cha nkhuku

Chitetezo cha mthupi cha ziweto ndi nkhuku chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi komanso kuchepetsa kuyambika kwa matenda.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo kwa nthawi yaitali kudzalepheretsa kukula kwa ziwalo za chitetezo cha nkhuku, kuchepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi komanso chosavuta kupatsira. Its immunosuppression mechanism ndi: kupha mwachindunji tizilombo ta m'mimba kapena kulepheretsa kukula kwawo, kuchepetsa kukondoweza kwa m'mimba epithelium ndi matumbo lymphoid minofu, motero kuchepetsa kutsegula boma chitetezo cha m`thupi; kusokoneza immunoglobulin synthesis; kuchepetsa phagocytosis ya maselo; ndi kuchepetsa mitotic ntchito ya lymphocytes thupi [7] .Jin Jiushan et al. anawonjezera 0,06%, 0,010% ndi 0,15% chloramphenicol kwa 2 mpaka 60 masiku broilers akale, amene anali kwambiri chopinga kwambiri nkhuku kamwazi ndi avian typhoid malungo, koma kwambiri inhibited ndi mkhutu [8] mu ziwalo, m`mafupa ndi hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al anadyetsa nkhuku za tsiku limodzi chakudya chokhala ndi 150 mg / kg goldomycin, ndi kulemera kwa thymus, ndulu ndi bursa kuchepetsedwa kwambiri [9] ali ndi masiku 42. Guo Xinhua et al. anawonjezera 150 mg/kg wa gilomycin mu chakudya cha 1 tsiku AA amuna, kwambiri inhibiting chitukuko cha ziwalo monga bursa, humoral chitetezo kuyankha, ndi kutembenuka mlingo wa T lymphocytes ndi B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. kudyetsedwa 4 mg/kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 mg ndi 20 mg/kg broilers motero, ndi bursac index ndi thymus index ndi ndulu sizinasinthe kwambiri. Kutsekemera kwa IgA mu gawo lililonse la magulu atatuwa kunachepa kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa seramu IgM mu gulu la bactereracin zinc kunachepa kwambiri [5]. Komabe, Jia Yugang et al. anawonjezera 50 mg / kg wa gilomycin kwa 1 tsiku chakudya wamwamuna kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa immunoglobulin IgG ndi IgM mu Tibetan nkhuku, kulimbikitsa kumasulidwa kwa cytokine IL-2, IL-4 ndi INF-mu seramu, motero kumapangitsanso chitetezo cha mthupi [11], mosiyana ndi maphunziro ena.

3; Zotsatira za maantibayotiki pazitsamba zam'mimba za nkhuku

Pali tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana m'mimba ya nkhuku zabwinobwino, zomwe zimakhazikika bwino polumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula ndikukula kwa nkhuku. Pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri maantibayotiki, kufa ndi kuchepa kwa mabakiteriya omwe amakhudzidwa m'mimba kumasokoneza. njira yoletsana pakati pa zomera za bakiteriya, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda atsopano.Monga chinthu chomwe chingalepheretse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, antibacterial. mankhwala amatha kuletsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu nkhuku, zomwe zingayambitse matenda a m'mimba ndikuyambitsa matenda a m'mimba.Tong Jianming et al. anawonjezera 100 mg / kg gilomycin ku zakudya zofunika za nkhuku za AA za tsiku limodzi, chiwerengero cha Lactobacillus ndi bifidobacterium mu rectum pa masiku 7 chinali chochepa kwambiri kuposa gulu lolamulira, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya awiriwa. pambuyo pa masiku 14; chiwerengero cha Escherichia coli chinali chochepa kwambiri kuposa gulu lolamulira pa 7,14,21 ndi masiku 28, ndipo [12] ndi gulu lolamulira pambuyo pake.Kuyesa kwa Zhou Yanmin et al kunasonyeza kuti maantibayotiki amalepheretsa kwambiri jejunum, E. ndi Salmonella, ndipo analetsa kwambiri Lactobacillus kuchulukana [13].Ma Yulong et al. kudyetsa chakudya cha tsiku limodzi cha soya cha 50 mg / kg aureomycin kwa anapiye a AA kwa 42 d, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha Clostridium enterica ndi E. coli, koma sichinapange kwambiri [14] pa mabakiteriya onse a aerobic, mabakiteriya onse a anaerobic. ndi manambala a Lactobacillus. Wu opan et al anawonjezera 20 mg / kg Virginiamycin ku zakudya za nkhuku za AA za tsiku limodzi, zomwe anachepetsa polymorphism ya zomera za m'mimba, zomwe zinachepetsa magulu a masiku a 14 a ileal ndi cecal, ndipo adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mapu a bakiteriya ofanana [15]. ndipo anapeza kuti zotsatira zake zoletsa pa L. lactis m'matumbo aang'ono, koma zingathe kuchepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha L. [16] mu rectum.Lei Xinjian anawonjezera 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;;; bactereracin zinc ndi 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin motero, zomwe zinachepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha cechia coli ndi Lactobacillus mu broilers wamasiku 42. Yin Luyao et al anawonjezera 0.1 g / kg ya premix ya bacracin zinki kwa 70 d, zomwe zinachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya oipa mu cecum, koma kuchuluka kwa tizilombo cecum inachepanso [18] .Palinso malipoti ochepa otsutsana kuti kuwonjezera 20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element kungawonjezere kwambiri chiwerengero cha bifidobacterium [19] mu cecal zomwe zili mu broilers za masiku 21.

4; Zotsatira za maantibayotiki pa khalidwe la nkhuku

Kukula kwa nkhuku ndi dzira kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi zakudya, ndipo zotsatira za maantibayotiki pamtundu wa nkhuku ndizosagwirizana.Pamasiku 60, kuwonjezera 5 mg / kg kwa 60 d kungapangitse kutayika kwa madzi a minofu ndi kuchepetsa mlingo. nyama yophika, ndikuwonjezera zomwe zili mu unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids ndi zofunika mafuta zidulo zokhudzana ndi kutsitsimuka ndi kukoma, kusonyeza kuti maantibayotiki ali ndi pang'ono. zotsatira zoipa pa katundu wa nyama khalidwe ndipo akhoza kusintha kukoma [20] nkhuku pamlingo wakutiwakuti. Kapangidwe ka minofu, ndipo flavamycin idachepetsa kudontha kwa [4] mu minofu ya chifuwa cha nkhuku. chiwerengero cha ophedwa chinawonjezeka ndi 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, chifuwa cha minofu ndi 8.76%, ndi mafuta a m'mimba ndi 19.82% [21]. Kuchuluka kwa minofu kunawonjezeka ndi 19.00%, ndipo mphamvu ya kumeta ubweya wa pectoral ndi kutayika kwadontho kunali kwakukulu kuchepetsedwa ndi [22] .Yang Minxin anadyetsa 45 mg / kg ya gilomycin ku zakudya zoyamba za tsiku la 1 za AA broilers amachepetsa kwambiri kutaya kwa mitsempha ya pachifuwa ndikuwonjezeka kwambiri [23] ndi T-SOD nyonga ndi T-AOC Kufufuza kwa Zou Qiang et al pa nthawi yodyetsera yomweyi m'njira zosiyanasiyana zoswana kunasonyeza kuti mawere a nkhuku a anti-cage gushi anali ofunika kwambiri. bwino; koma kukoma mtima ndi kukoma kunali bwinoko ndipo zotsatira zowunikira bwino kwambiri [24].Liu Wenlong et al. adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimasokonekera, aldehydes, ma alcohols ndi ketoni zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa nkhuku zaulele kuposa nkhuku zapakhomo. Kuswana popanda kuwonjezera maantibayotiki kumatha kusintha kwambiri kukoma kwa mazira [25] kuposa maantibayotiki.

5; Zotsatira za maantibayotiki pa zotsalira za nkhuku

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabizinesi ena amatsata zofuna za mbali imodzi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki molakwika kumabweretsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa zotsalira za maantibayotiki muzakudya za nkhuku.Wang Chunyan neri Al anapeza kuti zotsalira za tetracycline mu nkhuku ndi mazira zinali 4.66 mg / kg ndi 7.5 mg / kg motsatana, kuchuluka kwa kuzindikira kunali 33.3% ndi 60%; otsalira kwambiri a streptomycin m'mazira anali 0.7 mg / kg ndipo chiwerengero cha kudziwika chinali 20% [26] .Wang Chunlin et al. Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri zowonjezeredwa ndi 50 mg / kg ya gilmomycin ku nkhuku ya tsiku limodzi. Nkhuku inali ndi zotsalira za gilomycin m'chiwindi ndi impso, ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa [27] m'chiwindi. Pambuyo pa 12 d, zotsalira za gilmycin mu minofu ya pachifuwa zinali zosakwana 0.10 g / g (zotsalira zotsalira malire); ndi zotsalira m'chiwindi ndi impso zinali 23d motsatana;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; anali m'munsi kuposa lolingana pazipita zotsalira malire [28] pambuyo 28 d.Lin Xiaohua anali wofanana 173 zidutswa za ziweto ndi nkhuku nyama anasonkhanitsidwa Guangzhou kuchokera 2006 mpaka 2008, opambana mlingo anali 21,96%, ndipo zili 0,16 mg / kg / kg. ~9.54 mg / kg [29].Yan Xiaofeng adatsimikiza zotsalira zisanu tetracycline antibiotics mu zitsanzo za mazira a 50, ndipo anapeza kuti tetracycline ndi doxycycline zinali ndi zotsalira [30] mu zitsanzo za dzira.Chen Lin et al. anasonyeza kuti ndi kutambasuka kwa nthawi ya mankhwala, kudzikundikira maantibayotiki mu chifuwa minofu, mwendo minofu ndi chiwindi, amoxicillin ndi mankhwala, amoxicillin ndi Doxycycline mu mazira kusamva, ndi zambiri [31] kugonjetsedwa mazira.Qiu Jinli neri Al. anapereka 250 mg/L kwa nkhuku za masiku osiyanasiyana;; ndi 333 mg / L ya 50% hydrochloride soluble powder kamodzi pa tsiku kwa 5 d, kwambiri mu minofu ya chiwindi ndi yotsalira kwambiri mu chiwindi ndi minofu pansipa [32] pambuyo pochotsa 5 d.

6; Zotsatira za maantibayotiki pakukana mankhwala mu nkhuku

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kwa maantibayotiki pa ziweto ndi nkhuku kudzatulutsa mabakiteriya ambiri osamva mankhwala, kotero kuti zomera zonse za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zidzasintha pang'onopang'ono kupita ku njira ya kukana mankhwala [33]. Mabakiteriya opangidwa ndi nkhuku akuchulukirachulukira, mitundu yolimbana ndi mankhwala ikuwonjezeka, mphamvu yolimbana ndi mankhwala ikukulirakulirakulira, komanso kumva kwa maantibayotiki kumachepa, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta. kupewa ndi kuwongolera matenda.Liu Jinhua et al. Mitundu ya 116 S. aureus yodzipatula ku minda ya nkhuku ku Beijing ndi Hebei inapeza milingo yosiyana ya kukana mankhwala, makamaka kukana kambirimbiri, ndipo kusamva mankhwala S. aureus ali ndi chizolowezi chowonjezeka chaka ndi chaka [34].Zhang Xiuying et al. Mitundu 25 ya Salmonella yochokera m'mafamu ena a nkhuku ku Jiangxi, Liaoning ndi Guangdong, idangomva ngati kanamycin ndi ceftriaxone, komanso kukana kwa nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin ndi fluoroquinolones kuposa 50%. 35].Xue Yuan et al. anapeza kuti mitundu 30 ya E. coli yopatulidwa ku Harbin inali ndi kukhudzika kosiyana kwa maantibayotiki 18, kukana mankhwala angapo, amoxicillin / potaziyamu clavulanate, ampicillin ndi ciprofloxacin anali 100%, komanso kumva bwino [36] kwa amtreonam, amomycin ndi polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen ndi al. adzipatula mitundu 10 ya streptococcus kuchokera ku ziwalo za nkhuku zakufa, kugonjetsedwa kotheratu ndi nalidixic acid ndi lomesloxacin, tcheru kwambiri ku kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin ndi meloxicillin, ndipo ali ndi kukana kwina [37] ndi maantibayotiki ena ambiri.Qu Ping kafukufuku anapeza kuti Mitundu 72 ya jejuni ili ndi magawo osiyanasiyana okana quinolones, cephalosporins, tetracyclines kwambiri kugonjetsedwa, penicillin, sulfonamide ndi sing'anga kukana, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides ndi otsika kukana [38].Munda wosakaniza coccidium, madurycin, chloropepyridine, halilomycin ndi kukana kwathunthu [39].

Mwachidule, kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki mumakampani a nkhuku kumatha kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa matenda, koma kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali komanso mozama kwa maantibayotiki sikungokhudza chitetezo cham'mimba komanso m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono achilengedwe, kuchepetsa kununkhira kwa nyama ndi kukoma. Nthawi yomweyo adzatulutsa kukana mabakiteriya ndi zotsalira za mankhwala mu nyama ndi mazira, zimakhudza nkhuku kupewa ndi kulamulira ndi chitetezo cha chakudya, kuwononga thanzi la anthu. European Union inaletsa maantibayotiki mu chakudya cha ziweto ndi nkhuku, ndipo pang'onopang'ono padziko lonse lapansi.Mu 2017, bungwe la World Health Organization lidayitanitsa kutha kwa maantibayotiki kulimbikitsa kupewa matenda ndi kukula kwa thanzi la zinyama.Chifukwa chake, ndizofala kwambiri fufuzani njira zina zopangira maantibayotiki, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zowongolera ndi umisiri, ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zoletsa zolimbana ndi kuswana, zomwe zidzakhalenso njira yoyendetsera nkhuku m'tsogolomu.

Maumboni: (Nkhani 39, zosiyidwa)